English-Speaking Professionals Challenges in South Korea

Challenges faced by English-speaking professionals in South Korea extend far beyond simple language barriers. Navigating a distinctly hierarchical work culture, understanding nuanced communication styles, and successfully integrating into Korean society all present significant hurdles. This exploration delves into the multifaceted realities faced by expats, examining everything from the job search process and visa requirements to the complexities of building professional relationships and maintaining work-life balance in this dynamic Asian nation.

From mastering the art of indirect communication to understanding the importance of building strong relationships through both professional and social interactions, success in South Korea requires adaptability, cultural sensitivity, and a proactive approach to problem-solving. This isn’t just about finding a job; it’s about thriving in a new environment, and understanding the unique challenges involved is the first step toward achieving that goal.

The following sections will detail the key obstacles and offer practical strategies for overcoming them.

Language Barriers and Communication

Navigating the professional landscape in South Korea as an English speaker often presents significant communication challenges. While many Koreans possess varying levels of English proficiency, cultural nuances and differing communication styles can lead to misunderstandings and hinder effective collaboration. This section will explore common miscommunication scenarios, strategies for bridging cultural gaps, and effective communication techniques.

Common Miscommunication Scenarios

Misunderstandings frequently arise from the contrast between direct and indirect communication styles. For instance, a direct request for a deadline extension from a Western professional might be perceived as rude or demanding by a Korean colleague who prefers a more indirect approach, perhaps hinting at scheduling difficulties rather than explicitly stating the need for an extension. Similarly, subtle nonverbal cues, common in Korean communication, might be missed by Western professionals, leading to misinterpretations of intent or agreement.

Another common scenario involves the interpretation of feedback. Constructive criticism delivered directly, a common practice in many Western cultures, may be perceived negatively in Korea, where preserving harmony and face are highly valued. Conversely, indirect feedback might be misinterpreted as a lack of clarity or concern. Finally, humor, often culturally specific, can easily be misconstrued, leading to awkwardness or offense.

Strategies for Navigating Cultural Differences in Communication Styles

Successfully navigating these differences requires a conscious effort to understand and adapt to Korean communication norms. Active listening is crucial, paying close attention not only to verbal communication but also to nonverbal cues such as body language and tone of voice. Practicing patience and demonstrating respect for Korean cultural values are also essential. Showing deference to seniority and building rapport through informal interactions outside of work can foster trust and improve communication.

Furthermore, clarifying expectations and confirming understanding frequently throughout the communication process can minimize the risk of misinterpretations. Seeking clarification when unsure about something is vital; it demonstrates respect and a willingness to learn. Learning basic Korean phrases, even simple greetings and polite expressions, can significantly improve interactions and demonstrate a genuine effort to connect.

Effective Communication Techniques for Overcoming Language Barriers, Challenges faced by English-speaking professionals in South Korea

Several techniques can enhance communication despite language limitations. Using clear and concise language, avoiding jargon and idioms, is essential. Visual aids, such as charts, graphs, and diagrams, can significantly improve understanding, especially when complex information is involved. Written communication, such as emails, can provide a record of agreements and expectations, minimizing the potential for misunderstandings. Employing a translator or interpreter for crucial meetings or negotiations can ensure accurate and effective communication.

It’s also helpful to utilize technology, such as translation apps, though it’s important to remember that these tools may not always capture the nuances of language and cultural context. Finally, repetition and paraphrasing can help confirm understanding and ensure everyone is on the same page.

Comparison of Direct and Indirect Communication Styles

Feature	Western Business Culture (e.g., US, UK)	Korean Business Culture
Feedback	Direct, explicit, often critical	Indirect, subtle, focuses on harmony
Requests	Direct, explicit statements of needs	Indirect, often implied or hinted at
Conflict Resolution	Confrontational, problem-solving focused	Compromise-oriented, avoids direct confrontation
Negotiation	Direct, focused on achieving specific outcomes	Relationship-focused, gradual progress towards agreement

Cultural Differences in the Workplace

Navigating the Korean workplace as an English-speaking professional requires a keen understanding of deeply ingrained cultural norms that differ significantly from those found in many Western countries. Failure to adapt can lead to misunderstandings, communication breakdowns, and ultimately, hinder professional success. A strong emphasis on hierarchy, indirect communication, and nuanced non-verbal cues are key aspects to consider.Hierarchical Structures and Interactions with English-Speaking ProfessionalsKorean companies often operate under a highly hierarchical structure.

Seniority dictates not only responsibilities but also the style of interaction. Junior employees are expected to show deference to their superiors, and this extends to interactions with foreign professionals. Direct confrontation or challenging a senior colleague’s opinion, even if well-intentioned, can be viewed as extremely disrespectful. English-speaking professionals should be mindful of this dynamic and adjust their communication accordingly, showing respect for seniority through formal language and respectful body language.

For instance, a junior employee might not directly address a senior manager’s suggestion but instead offer a carefully worded alternative.

Examples of Cultural Norms Leading to Workplace Misunderstandings

Several cultural norms can contribute to friction in the workplace. For example, the concept of “face” (체면, chemyeon) is crucial. Publicly criticizing or embarrassing a colleague, regardless of their position, can severely damage their reputation and create lasting tension. Similarly, direct refusals can be perceived as rude. A more indirect approach, perhaps suggesting an alternative or expressing regret, is often preferred.

Another potential source of misunderstanding is the emphasis on group harmony (화합, hwahup). Individual achievement is often secondary to the success of the team, leading to collaborative work styles that might differ from those in more individualistic cultures. Finally, gift-giving is a common practice in Korean business culture, and understanding the appropriate etiquette is essential for building relationships.

Ignoring these customs can be interpreted as a lack of respect.

Strategies for Building Rapport and Trust with Korean Colleagues

Building strong professional relationships in South Korea requires patience, cultural sensitivity, and a willingness to adapt. Active listening is crucial; pay close attention not only to what is said but also to the non-verbal cues. Showing genuine interest in Korean culture and making an effort to learn basic Korean phrases demonstrates respect and a willingness to integrate. Participating in social gatherings outside of work, such as team dinners (회식, hoesik), provides opportunities to build personal connections and strengthen working relationships.

Remember to observe and follow the lead of your Korean colleagues in these settings. Formal introductions and respectful titles are essential; always use the appropriate honorifics (e.g., Mr., Ms., or senior titles) when addressing colleagues.

Understanding Non-Verbal Communication in Korean Business Culture

Non-verbal communication plays a significant role in Korean business interactions. Bowing is a common greeting, and the depth of the bow often reflects the level of respect. Direct eye contact can be perceived as aggressive, particularly when interacting with superiors. Maintaining a moderate level of eye contact is generally recommended. The use of silence is also important; it is not always an indication of disagreement but rather a sign of contemplation or respect.

Understanding these nuances can help prevent misunderstandings and foster more effective communication. For example, a prolonged silence during a meeting might not signify disapproval but rather a careful consideration of the topic. Similarly, avoiding direct eye contact with a senior manager is a sign of respect, not necessarily disinterest.

Job Search and Employment Challenges: Challenges Faced By English-speaking Professionals In South Korea

Securing employment in South Korea as an English-speaking professional presents a unique set of hurdles, differing significantly from the job search processes in Western countries. Navigating these challenges requires a strategic approach that acknowledges cultural nuances and adapts to the Korean business environment. Understanding the key differences in resume formats, interview styles, and overall application processes is crucial for success.

The South Korean job market, while offering exciting opportunities, often presents obstacles for international candidates. Language proficiency, while essential, isn’t the only factor; understanding the cultural context and expectations is equally important. This includes adapting your application materials and interview strategies to align with Korean business norms.

Obstacles in the Job Application Process

Common obstacles for English-speaking professionals applying for jobs in South Korea include the language barrier extending beyond simply speaking Korean. Many job postings and internal communications are exclusively in Korean, making it difficult to fully understand job requirements and company culture. Furthermore, the emphasis on networking and personal connections (known as “jeong”) plays a significant role in the hiring process, often surpassing the weight given to qualifications alone in some Western contexts.

Finally, the competitive nature of the South Korean job market, combined with a preference for Korean nationals in many instances, can create a challenging environment for international applicants.

Resume and Cover Letter Format Differences

Korean resumes and cover letters differ substantially from Western counterparts. Korean resumes typically follow a chronological format, emphasizing work experience and educational background in detail. They often include personal information like age, gender, marital status, and even a photograph. Unlike Western resumes, which often highlight skills and accomplishments, Korean resumes focus on a detailed account of one’s professional history.

Cover letters, while less common in Korea than in the West, are usually formal and concise, focusing on demonstrating a strong work ethic and suitability for the specific role. A Western-style resume, emphasizing skills over chronological work history, might be perceived as less professional or even incomplete in the Korean context.

Interview Process Comparison

Korean interview processes often differ significantly from those in Western countries. They frequently involve multiple rounds of interviews, with each round focusing on different aspects of the candidate’s profile. Expect questions probing into personal life details that might be considered inappropriate in Western interviews. Group interviews are also common, assessing teamwork skills and interpersonal dynamics. The emphasis is often on assessing personality and cultural fit alongside professional qualifications.

Western interviews, in contrast, typically focus more directly on skills, experience, and qualifications, with a less personal approach. The formality and respect shown during the interview process in Korea are paramount, demanding a more reserved and polite demeanor than may be customary in some Western cultures.

Sample Job Application Strategy for South Korea

A successful job application strategy in South Korea for English speakers should encompass the following:

Firstly, leverage professional Korean-language translation services for your resume and cover letter. Ensure your resume is tailored to the specific job description, highlighting relevant experience and skills in a chronological format, including a professional photograph. Secondly, network extensively; attending industry events and utilizing online platforms like LinkedIn (while remembering cultural nuances in online interactions) can prove invaluable. Thirdly, prepare for a more personal and in-depth interview process.

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Research the company culture thoroughly, practice answering questions about your personal life and motivations, and ensure your answers demonstrate a strong work ethic and respect for Korean business etiquette. Finally, consider seeking guidance from a career counselor specializing in the South Korean job market; they can provide invaluable insights and support throughout the process.

Networking and Social Integration

Building a strong professional network and integrating socially are crucial for English-speaking professionals in South Korea to thrive both in their careers and personal lives. While professional success relies heavily on competence, navigating the Korean workplace and society requires understanding unspoken rules and cultivating relationships beyond the office. Success in South Korea often hinges on strong personal connections, making networking and social integration vital aspects of professional life.Successfully navigating the Korean professional landscape often requires more than just technical skills; it demands the ability to build and maintain strong relationships.

This is where networking and social integration play a significant role. The close-knit nature of Korean society and business culture emphasizes personal connections, making effective networking essential for career advancement and overall success.

Effective Networking Strategies in a Korean Professional Context

Developing a professional network in Korea requires a strategic approach that respects Korean cultural norms. Direct, aggressive networking, common in some Western cultures, can be perceived negatively. Instead, building trust and rapport is paramount. This involves focusing on genuine relationship-building rather than transactional networking.

• Building Relationships Through Shared Activities: Participating in company social events (회식, hoesik), industry gatherings, or even informal after-work drinks (2차, icha) provides opportunities for casual interaction and relationship building. These informal settings allow for deeper connections beyond formal work interactions.
• Utilizing Professional Organizations: Joining relevant professional organizations (e.g., the American Chamber of Commerce in Korea, industry-specific associations) offers structured networking opportunities with both Korean and international professionals. These organizations often host events facilitating interaction and information exchange.
• Leveraging Introductions: In Korean culture, introductions through mutual acquaintances (소개, sogae) carry significant weight. If possible, seeking introductions from trusted colleagues or contacts can significantly enhance networking efforts. This shows respect for the established social hierarchy and builds trust.
• Showing Respect and Humility: Korean culture emphasizes respect for seniority and hierarchy. Showing deference to senior colleagues and demonstrating humility will foster positive relationships. Active listening and avoiding overly assertive behavior are key to building trust.

Challenges of Social Integration into Korean Society as a Foreigner

Integrating socially into Korean society can present unique challenges for foreigners. Language barriers, cultural differences in communication styles, and social customs can create obstacles. The strong emphasis on group harmony and conformity can also make it challenging for individuals to feel fully integrated.

• Language Barriers: While English proficiency is increasing, it’s not universally widespread outside major cities. Language barriers can hinder social interactions and make it difficult to participate fully in social activities.
• Cultural Differences in Communication Styles: Direct communication, common in some Western cultures, can be perceived as rude in Korea. Indirect communication and subtle cues are more prevalent, requiring foreigners to adapt their communication styles.
• Social Customs and Etiquette: Understanding and adhering to Korean social customs and etiquette (e.g., bowing, gift-giving, drinking etiquette during hoesik) is crucial for building positive relationships. Failing to do so can lead to misunderstandings and social awkwardness.
• Overcoming Social Distance: Koreans often maintain a certain social distance, particularly in initial interactions. Building close relationships takes time and effort, requiring patience and persistence from foreigners.

Building Relationships with Korean Colleagues Outside of Work

Developing relationships with Korean colleagues outside of work is beneficial for both professional and personal growth. This can strengthen work relationships and provide a deeper understanding of Korean culture.

• Informal Gatherings: Participating in informal gatherings such as hoesik (company dinners) or after-work drinks ( icha) offers opportunities to build camaraderie and personal connections beyond the workplace. These occasions are crucial for relationship-building in Korean culture.
• Sharing Personal Interests: Finding common interests, such as hobbies or sports, can facilitate bonding with Korean colleagues outside of work. This allows for more relaxed and natural interactions, fostering deeper connections.
• Learning Basic Korean Phrases: Making an effort to learn basic Korean phrases demonstrates respect and willingness to integrate into Korean society. Even simple phrases can significantly enhance interactions and show genuine interest.
• Showing Genuine Interest in Korean Culture: Demonstrating a genuine interest in Korean culture and traditions shows respect and helps build rapport. Asking questions about Korean customs and traditions (while being mindful of appropriateness) shows genuine curiosity and can lead to meaningful conversations.

Visa and Legal Issues

Securing the correct visa and understanding the legal framework are crucial for English-speaking professionals seeking long-term employment in South Korea. The process can be complex, requiring careful planning and attention to detail to avoid potential legal complications. This section Artikels the key aspects of visa applications and legal considerations for working in South Korea.The visa application process for English-speaking professionals typically begins with a job offer from a South Korean company.

This offer will often specify the type of visa required. The most common visa for employed individuals is the E-2 visa, designed for professionals with specialized skills. Other visas, such as the D-10 visa (for language instructors), might be relevant depending on the specific job. The application process generally involves submitting various documents, including a passport, employment contract, educational certificates, and a criminal background check.

Processing times can vary, so it’s essential to begin the application well in advance of the intended start date.

E-2 Visa Application Process

The E-2 visa application process involves several steps. First, the prospective employer must sponsor the applicant and apply for a Certificate of Eligibility (COE) from the Korean immigration authorities. This COE confirms that the applicant meets the requirements for the E-2 visa. Once the COE is issued, the applicant can then apply for the actual E-2 visa at the nearest Korean embassy or consulate in their home country.

The application requires a thorough review of the applicant’s qualifications and the employer’s legitimacy. Failure to meet the specific requirements at any stage can result in delays or rejection. Detailed information about the necessary documentation can be found on the website of the Ministry of Justice of Korea.

Legal Requirements for Working in South Korea

Working in South Korea legally requires adherence to various labor laws and regulations. These laws cover aspects such as working hours, minimum wage, and employee benefits. It is crucial for both the employer and employee to understand and comply with these regulations to avoid legal disputes. For example, understanding overtime regulations and ensuring proper compensation for extra work hours is critical.

The Ministry of Employment and Labor provides comprehensive information on labor laws and regulations in Korean and English. Ignoring these regulations can lead to penalties for both the employer and the employee.

Common Legal Challenges Faced by English-Speaking Professionals

One common challenge involves discrepancies in employment contracts or misunderstandings regarding working conditions. Language barriers can sometimes lead to misinterpretations of contractual obligations. Another challenge arises from navigating the Korean social security system and understanding the process of paying taxes and national insurance contributions. Finally, issues related to visa renewal or extension can cause unexpected complications if the proper procedures are not followed diligently.

It’s recommended to seek legal counsel from a qualified lawyer specializing in Korean immigration and employment law to ensure a smooth and compliant experience.

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Step-by-Step Guide for Navigating Legal Aspects of Working in South Korea

1. Secure a job offer from a reputable South Korean company.
2. Determine the appropriate visa type based on the job offer and your qualifications.
3. Gather all the necessary documents for the visa application, including the COE.
4. Submit the visa application to the relevant Korean embassy or consulate.
5. Once the visa is approved, ensure you understand your employment contract and Korean labor laws.
6. Familiarize yourself with the Korean tax and social security systems.
7. Regularly check the validity of your visa and initiate the renewal process well in advance of its expiration.
8. Seek legal counsel if you encounter any legal challenges or ambiguities.

Work-Life Balance and Well-being

The experience of work-life balance for English-speaking professionals in South Korea can be significantly different from what they’re accustomed to in Western countries. Understanding the nuances of Korean work culture is crucial for navigating this aspect of expat life and maintaining overall well-being. The long hours, strong emphasis on company loyalty, and hierarchical structures are common features that can impact an individual’s ability to successfully integrate personal life with professional responsibilities.South Korean companies often operate under a culture that prioritizes dedication and long working hours.

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This “power distance” in the workplace, a common characteristic of East Asian cultures, can manifest as a significant expectation for employees to be readily available, even outside of designated working hours. The concept of “hwajae,” or harmony and consensus, also plays a large role, sometimes leading to pressure to participate in after-work social events, further blurring the lines between professional and personal time.

This contrasts sharply with the work-life balance ideals prevalent in many Western nations, where stricter boundaries between work and personal time are generally expected and legally protected. The emphasis on individual achievement in many Western cultures differs from the Korean focus on group cohesion and company success.

Typical Work Culture and Expectations in South Korean Companies

The typical work culture in South Korea often involves long working hours, sometimes exceeding the standard 40-hour work week considerably. Employees are expected to be highly dedicated and committed to their work, often prioritizing company needs above personal obligations. Regular overtime is common, and participation in company social events outside of working hours is often implicitly or explicitly expected.

This dedication is often rewarded with job security and opportunities for advancement within the company. However, this can lead to stress and burnout if not managed effectively. The hierarchical structure of many Korean companies also plays a significant role. Respect for seniority is paramount, influencing communication styles and decision-making processes.

Comparison of Work-Life Balance in Korea and Western Countries

While generalizations are always risky, a significant difference lies in the societal acceptance and legal protections afforded to work-life balance in Western countries compared to South Korea. Many Western nations have legislation regulating working hours, providing for paid leave, and promoting a healthier separation between professional and personal life. For instance, many European countries have strong legal frameworks ensuring paid holidays and parental leave, a stark contrast to the often more flexible, but less legally protected, system in South Korea.

In Western cultures, a better work-life balance is often seen as a sign of a healthy and productive individual and company. In Korea, however, the strong emphasis on company loyalty and commitment can sometimes lead to a prioritization of work over personal life, particularly for those aiming for career advancement.

Strategies for Maintaining a Healthy Work-Life Balance in South Korea

Maintaining a healthy work-life balance in South Korea requires proactive strategies and a mindful approach. Setting clear boundaries between work and personal time is crucial, even if it requires some negotiation with colleagues and supervisors. Learning to say “no” politely to additional tasks or social events when feeling overwhelmed is essential. Utilizing vacation time and sick leave as intended, rather than accumulating them, is important for preventing burnout.

Prioritizing self-care activities such as exercise, hobbies, and spending time with loved ones is crucial for mental and physical well-being. Joining expat communities can provide a valuable support network and opportunities for socializing outside of the workplace.

Resources Available to Support the Mental and Physical Well-being of English-Speaking Professionals in Korea

Several resources are available to support the mental and physical well-being of English-speaking professionals in Korea. Many international schools and companies offer employee assistance programs (EAPs) providing counseling and mental health services. Expat communities and online forums offer valuable peer support and information sharing. Numerous gyms and fitness centers cater to expats, promoting physical health and providing opportunities for socializing.

Furthermore, access to international healthcare providers is often available in major cities, providing familiarity and comfort for those seeking medical attention. Utilizing these resources proactively is crucial for maintaining a healthy and balanced lifestyle while living and working in South Korea.

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Professional Development and Advancement

Securing and advancing a career in South Korea as an English-speaking professional presents unique opportunities and challenges. While the initial hurdle of finding employment might be significant, the potential for growth and professional development is substantial, particularly within sectors that value international expertise. Understanding the nuances of the Korean workplace and strategically planning for career progression is key to long-term success.Opportunities for professional development and advancement are plentiful for those who adapt and actively seek them.

Many international schools and universities offer excellent professional development programs, focusing on pedagogical skills and leadership training. Multinational corporations often provide robust internal training and advancement opportunities, mirroring those found in their global offices. Furthermore, the Korean government actively supports initiatives aimed at upskilling the workforce, offering various programs and resources that can be beneficial to English-speaking professionals.

Opportunities for Professional Development

English-speaking professionals in South Korea can leverage several avenues for career advancement. These include pursuing further education, such as obtaining a Korean language proficiency certificate (TOPIK) or a master’s degree from a reputable Korean university. This demonstrates commitment and adaptability, increasing marketability within Korean companies. Actively participating in professional organizations and attending industry conferences allows for networking and exposure to new trends and opportunities.

Finally, seeking mentorship from experienced professionals, both Korean and international, can provide invaluable guidance and insights into navigating the Korean corporate landscape.

Navigating Career Progression in Korean Companies

Career progression within Korean companies often follows a hierarchical structure with a strong emphasis on seniority and loyalty. Building strong relationships with colleagues and superiors is crucial for advancement. Demonstrating a strong work ethic, a willingness to learn, and a commitment to the company’s goals are essential. Understanding and adhering to Korean business etiquette and cultural norms will significantly impact one’s perceived suitability for promotion.

While direct confrontation is generally avoided, proactively communicating one’s career aspirations and achievements in a respectful manner is important. Regular performance reviews and self-reflection, coupled with seeking constructive feedback, are vital for identifying areas for improvement and charting a clear path for advancement.

Continuous Learning and Skill Development

Continuous learning and skill development are paramount for long-term success in the dynamic Korean job market. The rapid pace of technological advancement and globalization necessitates continuous upskilling to remain competitive. English-speaking professionals should actively seek opportunities to enhance their Korean language skills, deepen their understanding of Korean business culture, and develop expertise in relevant technologies. This can involve taking online courses, attending workshops, or pursuing further education.

Staying abreast of industry trends through professional journals, conferences, and networking events is also essential. Demonstrating a commitment to lifelong learning not only enhances one’s professional capabilities but also showcases adaptability and a proactive approach to career development.

A Plan for Long-Term Career Success

A successful long-term career in South Korea requires a proactive and strategic approach. This involves setting clear career goals, identifying target companies or industries, and developing a tailored plan to achieve these objectives. Networking strategically within professional circles is crucial, building relationships with individuals who can provide mentorship, guidance, and potential opportunities. Regularly assessing one’s skills and identifying areas for improvement is essential for maintaining competitiveness.

Finally, maintaining a healthy work-life balance is crucial for preventing burnout and ensuring sustained productivity and career satisfaction. This plan should be flexible and adaptable, allowing for adjustments based on changing circumstances and evolving career aspirations. For example, an English teacher might aim to transition into a corporate role by gaining relevant experience and pursuing additional qualifications, while a marketing professional might seek to specialize in a specific niche within the Korean market.

Ending Remarks

Ultimately, success for English-speaking professionals in South Korea hinges on a blend of professional competence, cultural understanding, and resilience. While the challenges are undeniable – from navigating complex visa processes to adapting to a vastly different work culture – the rewards of living and working in this vibrant country are equally significant. By proactively addressing the hurdles Artikeld above, and fostering a genuine appreciation for Korean culture and business practices, expats can not only overcome these obstacles but also thrive and contribute meaningfully to the South Korean professional landscape.

The journey is demanding, but the potential for personal and professional growth is immense.

Expert Answers

What are the common salary expectations for English-speaking professionals in South Korea?

Salary expectations vary greatly depending on experience, industry, and qualifications. Researching average salaries for similar roles within your field is crucial. Websites and online forums specializing in South Korea’s job market can offer valuable insights.

How easy is it to find housing in South Korea as an expat?

Finding housing can be challenging, especially in major cities like Seoul. Many expats utilize real estate agents specializing in international rentals, or online platforms catering to expats. Understanding the local rental process and having a guarantor can be beneficial.

What are the healthcare options available to English-speaking professionals?

South Korea boasts a high-quality healthcare system. International insurance is highly recommended. Many hospitals in larger cities offer English-speaking staff and services. Researching international health insurance plans tailored to expats in South Korea is essential.

What are some common social etiquette pitfalls to avoid?

Avoid public displays of affection, be mindful of hierarchy (especially in professional settings), and always accept drinks or food offered politely. Learning basic Korean phrases is appreciated and shows respect. Researching Korean social customs thoroughly is beneficial.